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Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. The physical behavior of silicate magmas is dominated by the silica component. Petrologists routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or molar mass fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava. Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by oxygen and silicon, the most abundant elements of the Earth's crust, with smaller quantities of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, and potassium and minor amounts of many other elements. Rare nonsilicate lavas can be formed by local melting of nonsilicate mineral deposits or by separation of a magma into immiscible silicate and nonsilicate liquid phases. Solidified lava on the Earth's crust is predominantly silicate minerals: mostly feldspars, feldspathoids, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas and quartz.

Pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows side by side in Hawaii, September 2007 An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of Vesuvius, written by Francesco Serao, who described 'a flow of fiery lava' as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a lahar) after heavy rain. The word lava comes from Italian and is probably derived from the Latin word labes, which means a fall or slide. Even so, lava can flow great distances before cooling causes it to solidify, because lava exposed to air quickly develops a solid crust that insulates the remaining liquid lava, helping to keep it hot and inviscid enough to continue flowing. (An explosive eruption, by contrast, produces a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra, not lava flows.) The viscosity of most lava is about that of ketchup, roughly 10,000 to 100,000 times that of water. The volcanic rock resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called lava.Ī lava flow is an outpouring of lava during an effusive eruption. Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1,200 ☌ (1,470 to 2,190 ☏). Lava is molten or partially molten rock ( magma) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a moon onto its surface.

Satellite image of a lava flow erupted from SP Crater, Arizona

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